Nationalized Health Care Free Essays

The subject of nationalized social insurance summons instinctive responses from supporters and enemies the same. The sound contention for such a program is regularly lost in passionate manner of speaking. The individuals who don’t approach great social insurance need it. We will compose a custom exposition test on Nationalized Health Care or then again any comparative subject just for you Request Now The individuals who can exploit the most recent advancements need to keep on doing as such. The ethical quality of the issue, be that as it may, is superfluous until we answer a couple of essential inquiries. Would nationalized social insurance bankrupt America? Would the nature of care be acceptable? Would development be slowed down in a governmentally controlled framework? These inquiries have been bantered previously, however it is quickly turning out to be evident that America should push toward such a framework so as to have a sound, beneficial workforce in the 21st century. Proof shows that it very well may be done, and at a lower cost than what may be normal. Contentions against NHC Rivals of a nationalized medicinal services framework dread the formation of an immense government organization. The administration itself would bring about serious assessment raises. By its inclination, they state, a government organization of this size can't work productively and viably. Choices on close to home medicinal services ought not be placed under the control of the national government. Benefit drives development. Consequently, it is nothing unexpected that most of clinical advances have been made in the United States. A governmentally controlled framework will, by its tendency, confine the benefits of firms occupied with clinical exploration. Harvard University financial specialist Kenneth Rogoff was cited in an ongoing issue of Reason Magazine:  If all nations crushed benefits in the wellbeing division the way Europeand Canada do, there would be substantially less worldwide development inâ medical technology.(Bailey, 2005) Reports of long hanging tight occasions for care in nationalized frameworks, for example, Canada’s have additionally empowered rivals of NHC. Americans merit the best in human services. By what method can a framework that depends on apportioning of medicinal services give the best in care? The individuals who can bear the cost of it approach the best medicinal services in the United States. For the individuals who can't, there are as of now numerous alternatives. Health care coverage pools, Medicare, Medicaid, emergency clinic and corporate help programs give a security net to those without standard protection. The staggering expense of heath care basically can't be borne by the central government. Duty increments will cause the loss of employments and make a delay the economy that benefits nobody. Contentions for NHC Numerous Americans expect that they are getting the best medicinal services on the planet. This isn't really evident. Death rates and different proportions of by and large wellbeing fall behind different nations that have nationalized single-payer frameworks. The expense of human services has additionally become a significant issue that will have gradually expanding influences through the economy. An ongoing article by Julie Appleby in USA Today refers to prove that should concern managers attempting to keep up a profitable workforce: As of now the normal yearly expense of the most well known kind of insuranceâ plan offered by managers hit $11,765 this year†¦Average premiumsâ have risen 87% since 2000, while laborers income have risen 20%.â (2006) The multi-payer, multi-layered arrangement of medicinal services in the United States creates billions of dollars of waste. Truth be told, enough cash could be spared by moving to a solitary payer structure to pay for the human services of the 46 million Americans who are not safeguarded. A New York Times article refers to prove from a New England Journal of Medicine study that a solitary payer framework could really cost less:  †¦administrative costs spoke to 31 percent of all out wellbeing careâ spending in the United States, about twofold the extent in Canada, which has a solitary payer system. (Lohr, 2004) In our present framework, claims are rearranged to and fro between protection offices, businesses and the administration. The expense of this paper rearranging can't be thought little of. The time included likewise punishes the supplier who may need to trust that months will get paid for administrations as every office attempts to arrange a positive cost. Dr. Himmelman, a co-creator of the NEJM study presumes that: The investment funds from moving to a solitary payer framework, evaluated, wouldâ be generally $375 billion every year. That permits you to cover everyone. (Lohr, 2004) Spreading the hazard among the whole populace would likewise lessen costs. This, truth be told, is the means by which insurance agencies bring in cash. With the whole grown-up populace paying premiums to the administration as expenses, the expense for any one individual is held to a base. Development can, does, in any case exist under a solitary payer structure. Medication organizations, for instance, will at present approach government assets for innovative work. They despite everything can procure colossal benefits by growing generally utilized meds. Persistent money related help programs, which most medication organizations have, would never again be essential in a completely guaranteed country. They will likewise set aside cash from just managing one substance. That cash would then be able to be utilized for R D. Advancement has not evaporated in nations that have single-payer frameworks. For instance, a considerable lot of the ongoing advances in the treatment of adolescent diabetes have started in Canada or Europe. The Edmonton convention gives would like to a fix through islet cell transplants. Their investigations are currently being reproduced in the United States. Benefits are as yet huge for creative organizations in those nations. In the U.S. the benefits for these inventive firms are not really as high as one would anticipate. The lions’ portion of medicinal services benefits in our framework goes to the insurance agencies. Those organizations bring in cash, as a result, by apportioning human services, along these lines spreading their hazard. Typically, they are against a nationalized framework that would remove them of the circle. Investigation and Conclusion Incredible insurance agencies and other campaigning interests have had the option to prevent a nationalized social insurance framework. The last significant endeavor was made from the get-go in the Clinton administration. Our nation has changed significantly even from that point forward. The strong economy has drawn a huge number of new laborers. Simultaneously, human services costs have spiraled to uncommon levels. Proceeded with financial development requires a beneficial, lasting workforce. The Census authority appraises that 46.6 million Americans are without medical coverage, extraordinarily restricting their entrance to preventive consideration. Preventive consideration is the absolute most significant component to keeping up long haul wellbeing. Millions additional individuals are under protected. Who are the uninsured? As indicated by the New York Times:  Eighty percent of the uninsured are individuals from working families.But either their bosses don't offer medical coverage or they findâ their portion of the employers’ designs too expensive.(Lohr, 2004) Some who oppose a national framework contend that singular wellbeing investment accounts can be a powerful method of paying for human services. Now and again, this is valid. An inquiry emerges, notwithstanding: Can wellbeing investment accounts stay aware of the spiraling cost of social insurance? For a great many people, it is improbable. A solitary payer, nationalized human services framework would have different advantages for the United States. Manager expenses would be diminished, liberating them to extend their organizations and make more occupations. The managerial expenses of a solitary government framework would be colossal, yet at the same time not exactly the multi-payer framework we have today. People would have ensured access to preventive consideration, a demonstration that has been demonstrated to set aside cash over the long haul for both the individual and the framework. Progressively solid days for the laborers implies more creation at work and more development of business. That, thusly, carries more duty income to the administration. On the off chance that expense increments are fundamental for the underlying set-up of the framework, they will be more than balance by the abatements, or disposal, of medicinal services premiums. Given the idea of our worldwide, serious economy, it just bodes well to keep however many individuals solid and gainful for whatever length of time that could be allowed. This implies everybody must have access to medicinal services. Sadly, this is getting dynamically progressively troublesome. In the long run, the country will address a financial cost for this. Fortunately the proof gives us that national medicinal services isn't as costly or unacceptable as we may might suspect. The United States can bear the cost of a national wellbeing framework. Rather than being a delay the economy it would be an energizer. At some point or another it will get fundamental. Sources Appleby, Julie. â€Å"Consumer disquiet with U.S. medicinal services grows†. USA Today, 16 Oct. 2006. Bailey, Ronald. â€Å"2005 Medical Care Forever†. Reason Magazine, 15 Jun. 2005. Clancy, James. â€Å"U.S. ought to embrace Canada’s general medicinal services model†. National Union of Public and General Employees [online] 2004. Gotten to 27 Nov. 2006 from http://www.nupge.ca/news_2004/n22se04c.htm  Lohr, Steve. â€Å"The Disparate Consensus on Health Care for All†. The New York Times [ Instructions to refer to Nationalized Health Care, Essay models

Summary and Impact Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Rundown and Impact - Essay Example The American College of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology (ACAAI) questions the case that e-cigarettes are sheltered on the grounds that fume and smoke are hurtful paying little heed to the manner in which they are devoured. E-cigarettes are new to individuals; it is the motivation behind why they are treated with intrigue and consideration. I see numerous individuals who smoke e-cigarettes during the day. They are enormously advanced as a sound elective which is 100% safe for individuals. This investigation shows that these indiscriminate outcomes have not been affirmed at this point. In the wake of perusing this article I accept that e-cigarettes are not as solid as they are publicized. The main sound option in contrast to smoking surmises that individuals quit this unfortunate propensity until the end of time. On the off chance that any of my companions choose to attempt e-cigarettes so as to lessen tobacco utilization, I would caution them that there are no examinations to check long haul results or symptoms identified with this advancement. â€Å"E-Cigarettes: Not a Healthy Alternative to Smoking†. Science News Net. May 27, 2014. Web. May 28, 2014.

Theoretical Grammar free essay sample

The subject of theor language structure. Its connection to viable punctuation. Sentence structure might be commonsense and hypothetical. The point of commonsense language structure is the portrayal of syntax decides that are important to comprehend and plan sentences. The point of theor language structure is to offer clarification for these guidelines. As a rule, theor language structure manages the L as a practical framework. 2The syntactic structure of the English languageThe linguistic structure of language is an arrangement of means used to transform etymological units into informative ones, at the end of the day †the units of language into the units of discourse. Such methods are emphases, attachment, word request, work words and phonological methods. As a rule, Indo-European dialects are ordered into two auxiliary sorts †manufactured and explanatory. Manufactured dialects are characterized as ones of ‘internal’ syntax of the word †the greater part of linguistic implications and syntactic relations of words are communicated with the assistance of emphases (Ukrainian, Russian, Latin, and so on). We will compose a custom article test on Hypothetical Grammar or on the other hand any comparative theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Scientific dialects are those of ‘external’ language on the grounds that most linguistic implications and syntactic structures are communicated with the assistance of words (will do). Be that as it may, we can't discuss dialects as simply engineered or investigative †the English language (Modern English) has expository structures as common, while in the Ukrainian language manufactured gadgets are prevailing. During the time spent time English has gotten increasingly logical when contrasted with Old English. 3Morphology and punctuation as 2 primary pieces of sentence structure. Grammar can in semantics be depicted as the investigation of the standards, or designed relations that oversee the manner in which the words in a sentence meet up. Sentence structure endeavors to organize engaging punctuation, and is indifferent with prescriptive syntax. Morphology is a sub order of phonetics that reviews word structure. While words are commonly acknowledged just like the littlest units of sentence structure, plainly in most (if not all) dialects, words can be identified with different words by rules. Morphology is the part of phonetics that reviews such guidelines across and inside l-ges8Syntax as a piece of syntax. Sorts of syntactic hypotheses. Language structure can in phonetics be portrayed as the investigation of the standards, or designed relations that oversee the manner in which the words in a sentence meet up. Linguistic structure endeavors to arrange elucidating punctuation, and is uninterested with prescriptive syntax (see Prescription and portrayal). Transformational-Generative Grammar. The primary concern of the T G is that the unending assortment of sentences in a L can be diminished to a limited number of pieces by methods for changes. These bits carry out the reason for producing punishments by methods for syntactic procedures. Constructional Syntax. Constructional examination of syntactic arrangements with the constructional noteworthiness/irrelevance of a piece of the sentence for the entire syntactic unit. The hypothesis depends on the mandatory or discretionary condition of syntactic components. Open Syntax. It is basically worried about the investigation of articulations from the purpose of their open worth and useful structure. Down to business way to deal with the investigation of syntactic units can quickly be portrayed as the investigation of the manner in which language is utilized specifically settings to accomplish specific objectives. Discourse Act Theory was first presented by John Austin. The thought of a discourse demonstration surmises that an articulation can be said with various expectations or purposes and along these lines can impact the speaker and circumstance in various waysTextlinguistics considers the content as a syntactic unit, its primary highlights and characteristics, various methods of its investigation. Talk investigation centers around the investigation of language use concerning the social and mental variables that impact correspondence. 13Subordinate word mixes. The idea of hypotaxis Subordinate word-bunches depend on the relations of reliance between the constituents. This surmises the presence of a governingElement which is known as the head and the needy component which is known as the assistant (in thing phrases) or the supplement (in action word phrases). As per the idea of their heads, subordinate word-bunches fall into thing phrases (NP) †some tea, action word phrases (VP) †to run quick, to see a house, descriptive word phrases (AP) †bravo, verb-modifying phrases (DP) †so rapidly, pronoun phrases (IP) †something bizarre, nothing to do. The arrangement of the subordinate word-bunch relies upon the valency of its constituents. Valency is a potential capacity of words to join. Genuine acknowledgment of valency in discourse is called combinability. Inâ linguistics,â subordinationâ (abbreviatedâ variouslyâ subord,â sbrd,â subrâ orâ sr) is a complex syntactic development wherein one or moreclausesâ are reliant on the principle provision, for example, The canine ran homeâ after it had played with the ball. The stressed content is the subordinate statement. Hypotaxisâ is the syntactic game plan of practically comparative yet inconsistent builds (hypo=beneath,â taxis=arrangement),

History and Properties of M-Theory

History and Properties of M-Theory M-Theory is the name for a bound together form of string hypothesis, proposed in 1995 by the physicist Edward Witten. At the hour of the proposition, there were 5 varieties of string hypothesis, however Witten set forth that every wa an appearance of a solitary fundamental hypothesis. Witten and others recognized a few types of duality between the speculations which, along with specific presumptions about the idea of the universe, could take into consideration them to all be one single hypothesis: M-Theory. One of the significant parts of M-Theory is that it required including one more measurement top of the effectively various additional elements of string hypothesis with the goal that the connections between the speculations could be worked out. The Second String Theory Revolution During the 1980s and mid 1990s, string hypothesis had arrived at something of an issue because of a wealth of wealth. By applying supersymmetry to string hypothesis, into the consolidated superstring hypothesis, physicists (counting Witten himself) had investigated the potential structures of these speculations, and the subsequent work had indicated 5 unmistakable forms of superstring hypothesis. Research additionally indicated that you could utilize certain types of numerical changes, called S-duality and T-duality,â between the various forms of string hypothesis. Physicists were at a lossâ At a material science gathering on string hypothesis, held at the University of Southern California in spring of 1995, Edward Witten proposed his guess that these dualities be paid attention to. Imagine a scenario in which, he recommended, the physical significance of these hypotheses is that the various ways to deal with string hypothesis were various methods of numerically communicating the equivalent hidden hypothesis. Despite the fact that he didn't have the subtleties of that fundamental hypothesis mapped out, he recommended the name for it, M-Theory. Some portion of the thought at the core of string hypothesis itself is that the four measurements (3 space measurements and one time measurement) of our watched universe can be clarified by thinking about the universe as having 10 measurements, yet then compactifying 6 of those measurements up into a sub-tiny scope that is rarely watched. Undoubtedly, Witten himself was one of the individuals who had built up this strategy back in the mid 1980s! He currently proposed doing likewise, by accepting extra measurements that would take into consideration the changes between the diverse 10-dimensional string hypothesis variations. The excitement of research that sprung out of that gathering, and the endeavor to infer the properties of M-Theory, initiated a time that some have called the second string hypothesis upset or second superstring transformation. Properties of M-Theory In spite of the fact that physicists have still not revealed the privileged insights of M-Theory, they have recognized a few properties that the hypothesis would have if Wittens guess ends up being valid: 11 components of spacetimeâ (these additional measurements ought not be mistaken for the thought in material science of a multiverse of equal universes)contains strings and branes (initially called membranes)methods of utilizing compactification to clarify how the additional measurements lessen to the four spacetime measurements we observedualities and IDs inside the hypothesis that permit it to diminish to extraordinary instances of the string speculations known, and at last into the material science we see in our universe What does the M Depend on? It is hazy what the M in M-Theory is intended to represent, however all things considered, it initially represented Membrane since these had quite recently been found to be a key component of string hypothesis. Witten himself has been puzzling regarding the matter, expressing that the significance of the M can be chosen for taste. Conceivable outcomes incorporate Membrane, Master, Magic, Mystery, etc. A gathering of physicists, drove in enormous part by Leonard Susskind, have created Matrix Theory, which they accept could inevitably co-select the M on the off chance that it is ever demonstrated to be valid. Is M-Theory True? M-Theory, similar to the variations of string hypothesis, has the issue that it is at present makes no genuine expectations that can be tried trying to affirm or invalidate the hypothesis. Numerous hypothetical physicists keep on inquiring about this region, yet when you have more than two many years of research with no strong outcomes, eagerness without a doubt melts away a piece. There is no proof, nonetheless, that solid contends that Wittens M-Theory guess is bogus, either. This might be where an inability to refute the hypothesis, for example, by demonstrating it to be inside opposing or conflicting here and there, is as well as can be expected trust in at the time being.

Mestizaje and Its Critics

An expression of numerous definitions and suggestions, mestizaje is generally connected with areas that have a past filled with Spanish or European colonization. It is an issue that has been covered, denied, and bantered upon in the social, social, and political sense in these colonized locales. Regular issues identified with this belief system are prejudice, racial segregation, hawkishness, and so forth. In this specific paper, the center gathering of such belief system would be more on Latin America and the Afro-populace or the dark since this gathering for the most part encountered the impacts of the outcomes of such prejudice. Ariel Dulitzky’s A Region in Denial: Racial Discrimination and Racism in Latin America discusses Latin America’s refusal to handle the issue on bigotry and racial segregation. It sums up the sorts of disavowals that this area executes to discover out previously or while getting into conversations about the issues referenced before. These ref usals are ordered in three: exacting disavowal, interpretive forswearing, and justificatory denial.Literal refusal, as the name suggests, is the dismissal of the idea that bigotry exists.â The administration doesn't recognize the nearness of â€Å"race†, thusly making the presence of prejudice invalid. The subsequent classification, interpretive forswearing has four subcategories. In the principal, it isn't the shade of the skin or the race however the societal position of the individual/bunch that is being criticized.â This refusal is euphemism.â The following one, authoritative, is fairly identified with the main classification. It is said that there are no laws made about racial separation in light of the fact that there is no requirement for such for the explanation that they don’t isolate the race of people.Some contend that there are not very many protests about discrimination.â Maybe on the grounds that general society doesn't know about laws and authori zations, if there are any, with respect to demonstrations of racial segregation. The third classification is forswearing of duty. This is the point at which the administration says that separating demonstrations, or whatever they might need to call it, are because of old practices or conventions. The last classification is called simply segregated events.An clarification of this is state that these occasions of bigotry in the end happened exactly at this day and as of now. There is the disavowal that it, prejudice, occurred before, along these lines there can be no chance that they can be known as a bigot district. The last class would be justificatory refusal. From its root word â€Å"justify†, individuals who do this either support things or point a finger to the casualties themselves. Individuals in control demonstrate that they have a place with a blended race, therefore racial isolation doesn't exist.Despite every one of these dissents, the Convention Against Racism or t he â€Å"Convention† made a few things happen to support these areas and the casualties recognize that racial segregation truly exists. Fortunately, the exertion turned into an eye opener to other people. Just because, banters about bigotry were done and more gatherings were made to secure and actualize the Convention’s guidelines against racial discrimination.Associated with a region’s capacity to segregate is the immense inquiry concerning that region’s personality. One article that discussions about Latin America’s national and social personality is that composed by Lourdes Martinez-Echazabal. She talks about the diverse view purposes of journalists of a similar nationality, Cubans, to be specific, relating to national character and racial separation together with its impacts on people’s activities and convictions. In the given time, 1845-1959, the Afro-populace had been related to anything pessimistic †poor people, the brainless, th e squalid, and the barbaric.As an aftereffect of this thought, the conclusion to slave exchange was once made trying to stop the increase of the Afro-populace in Latin America since increasingly dark individuals inferred a boorish and unhealthy area that would prevent if not stop the social and social advancement of networks in their district. A few authors imagined that crossbreeding with individuals of lighter appearance was a stage towards progress. They were into making changes with the colonizers.On the opposite, the other gathering of essayists was after the freedom of the district. They do this by not taking a gander at the man’s shading to pass judgment on his/her virtues or legitimate status. They utilize this contention of having a national character, only one shading in any case the blend of race or shade of the skin. Cooperation and socialization among various races were empowered in improving an and illuminated society.To be increasingly specific, an article by C harles Hale concentrated on this area partitioned into what they call the ladinos and Mayas, ladinos being the ones with the more white skin and European blend, and the Indians as the Mayas. As described in Hale’s production, the ladinos used to be the prevalent gathering in the previous decades, and the Mayas being the sub-par one. Communication of ladinos with Mayas is precluded by the ladino older folks. As time cruised by, there had been a few changes in the political and social set up of Guatamela.There were Maya social activists that battle for their social rights. A few ladinos changed their points of view about the Mayas by one way or another regarding the latter’s strict conviction, for example, the party of their supporter holy person for a beginning. Bigotry was certainly outfitting towards the Mayas, yet because of the number in populace with the Mayas taking up significantly the higher level of the populace, the ladinos began to get confounded on the off c hance that they truly are the ruling race.The individuals met by Hale were as yet reluctant, some way or another, when gotten some information about the social victimization the Mayans. Their answers were uncertain possibly in light of the fact that there is no assurance on the social improvement of their district. Befuddled responses to straightforward social inquiries were given. Mistaken individuals for confounded social convictions would result to inconveniences in intrigue and one befuddled country.It is astonishing how these scholars misshape thoughts and convictions. From the forswearing, to the national character, to the befuddled locale, presently, we have another touch of things about mestizaje and social and national personality. Saldaã ±a-Portillo’s contentions, despite everything, are about mestizaje and how specific areas respond to it. In her distribution, mestizaje is advanced as a stage towards citizenship, towards foundation of national culture. In the past audits, it is typically the â€Å"whites† ruling or assuming control over the â€Å"blacks†.However for this situation, it is still obvious that Indians are seen as an indication of an uncouth network, however a few things are seen the in an unexpected way. Not that these Indians truly assuming control over the district and the legislature, yet these colonizers, the Spanish and the Europeans, really being taken over by the Indians in different points of view. It is about the ladies colonizers and the Indian men, Spanish not being the main language, and a natural follow in history.Discussion about ladies having their jobs and rights in the network, just because, were referenced and talked about upon for these â€Å"rights† may be at chances with their group’s rule. Ethnic gatherings were additionally offered right to the land they lived on. In any case these new focuses that may join certain districts, mestizaje would stay to be viewed as these locales ac knowledge each other in any case the race, the face, or the beliefs.I must concede that racial separation, in spite of the considerable number of endeavors to maintain a strategic distance from and battle it, despite everything exists up right up 'til the present time. There are likenesses in circumstances in these articles. These readings are generally about the quest and fight for social and national character for the most part of individuals in the Latin American area. The Afro-populace or the â€Å"black† as others would usually mark their gathering, is regularly, if not for the most part denied of access to property, media, and methods for creation. I concur when they state that you shouldn’t pass judgment flippantly. It’s the equivalent with individuals †don’t judge an individual by his shading in light of the fact that an individual is something other than the shade of his skin or the subtleties of his face. There is the soul. There are the va lues.Maybe the beneficial thing about arranging individuals is the point at which they are pleased to be of that race not on the grounds that they are more white or taller, but since individuals from their district, their race has accomplished something great and moving that impact individuals of other race or area. It is the point at which that individual is glad to be of that race since his kin have helped such a large number of denied others. Be that as it may, how regularly do these things occur? How frequently does an individual become pleased on the grounds that he has â€Å"Indian† highlights? This is one proof that racial separation has been in existentfor so long that it has been a piece of our practices and to think and build up such notions.Generalization ought to be maintained a strategic distance from in light of the fact that this beginnings the warming discussion and quarrel over segregation. Each person is extraordinary, exceptional. For some odd reason he/she has such highlights, that he/she was conceived on that area. By and by, that individual is the same as you and me. Mestizaje has influenced such a significant number of races, if not every one of them, that it really is a piece of life, of history, of the lives even of the primary individuals on earth.. It is inescapable in light of the fact that it is human instinct mingle, and interact.The beneficial thing about the present is having organizations against bigotry, affirmation of the issue, and mindfulness that the framework applies approvals to violators since it doesn't endure such bias. It is acceptable to realize that with these things, we need not be apprehensive for our youngsters and our children’s kids on the grounds that there are individuals to ensure them and battle for them. Be that as it may, when can we truly state that we, our youngsters, and the coming ages would be liberated from contempt? From bias? From experiencing the inequali

Amazon

Amazon © Shutterstock.com | Denys PrykhodovAn extremely important e-commerce channel, Amazon has unique features and benefits. In this article we will look at 1) what is Amazon,  2) how to sell successfully on Amazon,  3)  advantages and disadvantages of selling on Amazon,  and 4) Amazon success stories.WHAT IS AMAZON?The CompanyUnquestionably the biggest e-commerce platform in the world, Amazon is an internet giant with global presence and reach. The company began as an online seller of books but quickly adopted emerging trends and branched out into areas such as sales of entertainment media like DVDs, VHSs, CDs, online video and mp3 streaming and downloads, software and video games. It also expanded to begin selling electronics, clothing items, food, toys, children’s items, jewelry, and household items. A few years ago, the company diversified into the production of consumer electronics including the Kindle E-book reader, Kindle Fire Tablets, Fire TV and the Fire Phone. Recently, the c ompany has also started offering cloud computing services.The company is headquartered in Seattle, Washington in the United States. It began as the company Cadabra, incorporated by Jeff Bezos in 1994 and went online as Amazon.com in 1995. The company has individual retail websites for the US, France, Germany, the UK, Canada, Spain, Brazil, Italy, Australia, India, Mexico and China. There are plans to launch sites for Sri Lanka, South East Asia, Poland, Netherlands and Sweden. Some products can also be shipped to several other international locations.The Business ModelAmazon allows both individuals and businesses to sell their products through the website. The company offers the Seller Central website to manage all aspects of selling via the website. Through this website, a seller can add product information, add inventory and manage orders and payments. Sellers can chose to ship items themselves where certain Amazon.com shipping rates will apply based on the product category or they can chose to use Amazon to fulfill orders. In the second scenario, merchandise is stocked in Amazon fulfillment centers and are packed and shipped by Amazon for an additional charge. Amazon also provides customer service for these items.Selling CostsAmazon offers two selling plans to prospective sellers. There is a professional selling plan where a monthly subscription is charged in addition to a per item fee. There is also an individual plan for people selling less than 40 items per month where only per item fee is charged. The professional plan includes additional services such as top placement in product pages, ability to sell in more categories, customize shipping plans etc.If a seller chooses to use fulfillment by Amazon, additional fees will apply. All third parties can chose to sell as either individual or professional sellers.Inside Amazon: Secrets of an Online Mega-Giant HOW TO SELL SUCCESSFULLY ON  AMAZONImportant Things to Know Before Selling on Amazon.comWhere will prod ucts be listed? The main product page is always the lowest cost offer that is fulfilled by Amazon. Under the product’s name is an ‘offers’ link, where the rest of the product offerings will be listed.How will the order of the merchant offers list be determined? Some of the factors that determine this order include competitive pricing, the number of sellers, history as a seller with Amazon, and number of seller reviews.How can products be moved to the top of the list? The best way to move products up a list is to make sure that any items sold through Amazon are done so in a smooth and efficient way. Quicker than this method is to either sell a popular product at a lower price or sell a product with less competition to start building credibility as a seller.Who benefits the most from selling on Amazon.com? Certain types of sellers are more successful than others. These include those who sell unique items that they product themselves, those who sell niche items or things that app eal to hobbyists and those that sell refurbished or used items.Should products be associated with a product already listed? Amazon allows products to be listed only once so if a product is connected to an already listed item there is a higher chance it will be seen.Why can some shipping methods not be used at first? Sellers start off with some basic shipping methods and gradually earn the right to offer better shipping methods such as two day shipping when reliability has been established.How can seller reviews be increased? Reviews cannot be solicited in exchange for money or reward. If the customer is given a great experience from beginning to end, they will be more likely to leave a positive review on their own.Tips for Selling on AmazonCreating Successful Product PagesA vital step to creating a successful sales business on Amazon.com is to create easy to find and informative product pages. The key areas in this regard are:Create a Strong Headline: The first thing to do to create a successful and attractive product listing is to create a heading that gives all the necessary information without being full of spam. Items to be included include the brand and any highlighting features or special benefits. Don’t try to fill up with too many keywords as this can result in keyword spamming.Enter Keywords as other ‘Search Terms”: Any important keywords that do not make sense in the title can be entered here. Be sure not to repeat those that are already in the title.Search for Your Own Product: After creating listings, make sure you attempt to search for your own product. This is a good test because you will get an idea of how easy or difficult it is to locate. If you cannot manage to find it, it is a strong possibility that others won’t either. In this case you may need to go back and adjust the keywords. Just by searching as a buyer would, you begin to think as a buyer would and often that can help enhance listings.Enhancing SalesSelling on Amazon has its positives and negatives. There is enormous competition with hundreds of sellers vying for the same customers. But, there are also an estimated 90 million unique visitors to the site every month. According to amazon, new sellers in the marketplace can often see a 50-percent increase in total revenue once they start selling seriously on Amazon. Some tips to achieve this type of success are:Don’t be Afraid to Compete on Price: In the marketplace, one of the major aspects that create product differentiation is price. This is a basic fact and there are ways to use this to continue to be profitable. The seller should try to list items that have enough margin to absorb a lower price offer along with other selling costs.Get a Professional Seller Subscription: Though smaller sellers may want to start out on an individual plan, eventually it is a good idea to move to a pro plan. This offers less per listing charges and a monthly subscription instead. There are other benefits as well such as the ability to upload bulk listings, better reporting on sales, more selling options and the ability to add new and unique listings.Try to Sell a Unique Item: Through a pro plan, a seller has the ability to add new listings to Amazon that will have no competitors. Niche products also often have a specific market that makes these items easier to sell.Market to Amazon Customers: In the Amazon marketplace, a seller has the opportunity to market to the buyer and turn them into a repeat customer. This can be done by making special offers such as a discount on the next purchase or something similar.Common MistakesThere are some basic mistakes that even experienced sellers on Amazon.com make periodically. These includeFailure to Correctly Calculate Shipping Costs: Sellers have to offer shipping options according to Amazon’s criteria for different categories of products. These costs are almost never as low as Amazon estimates. Final amounts end up being higher and the cost has to be born e by the sellers. It is a good idea to add as much as between 50 to 100 percent of the quoted Amazon shipping cost to a seller’s own shipping cost to get an accurate estimate of expenses.Failure to Correctly Price Items: It is necessary to do a marketplace analysis of similar items and see how much they are being sold for. This helps correctly price an item so that it sells quickly. Many items are bundled into Amazon free shipping inside one package which is convenient for customers. To offset this, the item should be priced low enough to offer benefits without the Amazon shipping convenience. But make sure you factor in Amazon’s charges to know exactly how much you will get out of the transaction.Failure to Market Items: It is vital to market items strongly by added good quality images and strong descriptions. In the case of used items, be candid about any defects to avoid false expectations that could lead to returned items and poor reviews.Failure to Sell a Unique Item: If yo u have an item to sell that is not listed, this doesn’t mean that there is no demand for it. In fact it could be the opposite and you may be able to sell it to a niche user at a premium price.Failure to be Available to Ship: Items need to be shipped out quickly once an order is placed. If a seller expects to be unavailable to ship for a few days, then it is a good idea to take down the listing temporarily. Faster shipping leads to better ranking.Failure to Plan for Returns: In cases like software, it is difficult to offer returns. But telling a customer this can often lead to bad reviews and a fall in seller status. It is a good idea to plan for such an eventuality or sell these types of items without a return policy.Failure to Contest a Bad Review or Claim: If there is a bad review from a customer that is not justified, you can ask Amazon to remove it. You can also contest Amazon pointing you out for shipping close to deadline. Customers can be reminded to leave a positive review .Failure to Keep Track of Sales and Queries: It is vital to stay on top of sales and queries and responding to both fast. If an item is not shipped in time you may get a lower seller rating and if a potential customer is not satisfied they may move on or leave a bad review. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF SELLING ON AMAZONThere are many advantages and disadvantages of selling through Amazon.com. These include the following.Advantages of Selling on Amazon.comHigher Sales: Given the incredible scale of Amazon as a marketplace, there are more chances of selling more products at better prices. Sellers report an average of a 50 percent increase in sale on joining the Amazon marketplace.Better Access to Customers: A visitor to Amazon won’t be looking for your store. But they may be searching for your products. Access to these products may not be possible if not for the Amazon marketplace. Once you have a customer in the door, it is in your power to turn them into repeat customers by off ering a great product and great service.Marketplace Infrastructure: In physical markets, similar sellers often group together to benefit from numbers. Similarly, in the Amazon marketplace, buyers get a variety of options and a better shopping experience. Additionally, single stream checkout and support help create a smooth shopping experience.Disadvantages of Selling on Amazon.comAdditional Fees: Despite increased sales, there are also added costs of the marketplace. Most of these are deducted as a percentage of each item sold and may vary by category of items. This makes it necessary to understand and calculate margins to make sure you remain profitable.Marketplace Infrastructure: Both an advantage and a disadvantage, the marketplace is meant to showcase products, not sellers. This means that there is more need to differentiate but also more restrictions on how to do so.Inventory Sync: It is often a challenge to understand stock level and keep these reconciled. There may be manual work required despite the existence of applications to help do the same.                   AMAZON SUCCESS STORIESAngelynn’s Jewelry OrganizersLynn Williams had been selling her unique jewelry organizers with some success for a number of years. She questioned whether her business was big enough for Amazon, but feels that her decision to eventually sell on Amazon was a miraculous transformation for her product. Lynn came up with her idea back in 1991 but couldn’t get it off the ground till 2005. In 2008, she started selling on Amazon. This is the point where the business took off. Sales steadily increased and now 98 percent of her business is through Amazon.She began by working 80 to 120 hours a week and handling all shipping from her home. She eventually moved to the fulfillment by Amazon model despite reservations about maintaining her profitability. She moved her lower priced items to this model and saw an increase in shipping because of additional Amazon benefits such as free shipping and Amazon Prime. She eventually moved all items to this mode and now runs a streamlined operation with reduced workload for herself.Her product remains admired and respected and she manages to maintain a five star rating. She sells to high end clients, often celebrities but also to places like college dorms and to clients worldwide. This range of customers is possible only through a platform such as Amazon, because people are familiar with it and trust it to be reliable and secure.Bakto FlavorsA scientist by profession, Daphna Haykin-Frenkel creates and sells natural vanilla products and through Amazon, has managed to reach clients worldwide. Passionate about her work, Daphna has spent years researching her product. She felt that the hardest part of her endeavor was to find the right clients. Once she decided to start selling through Amazon, this aspect became simple and streamlined.The business began by selling vanilla flavor, beans and sugar. They have since expanded in to 40 natural flavors and gourmet spices. Though the company still sells through their physical store in New York City as well as their own website, Amazon remains their biggest sales channel. The ease or order procession and excellent customer treatment by Amazon are two major reasons for their preference for selling here.

Destructive Heterosexuality in Sula - Literature Essay Samples

In Sula, Toni Morrison chronicles the lives of two African-American women whose close friendship is torn apart by infidelity. In the novel, Morrison paints the relationship between the character’s leading women, Sula and Nel, as one of fulfillment, encouragement, and support. Patriarchal heterosexual relationships, by contrast, are painted as unsuccessful or damaging by restricting free will, leaving women to raise families alone, and creating competition and causing division within female friendships. According to Adrianne Rich, author of â€Å"Compulsory Sexuality and Lesbian Existence,† patriarchal heterosexual relationships should be examined as an institution much as the economic system of capitalism or the caste system of racism. Rich believes requisite patriarchal heterosexuality has been established as a means of restraining women’s unique identities and perpetuating male dominance, with the result that it â€Å"keeps numberless women psychologically tra pped, trying to fit mind, spirit, and sexuality into a prescribed script because they cannot look beyond the parameters of the acceptable. It pulls on the energy of such women† (657). Morrison mirrors Rich’s beliefs in Sula when she fabricates the male presence as a negative force in the lives of the novel’s women, where males are typically absent and marriage is seen as a job. While the novel’s two main characters, Sula and Nel, suffer a period of disconnection, both women ultimately realize that their most intimate and essential relationship is with each other. Sula and Nel become fast friends very quickly as a product, describes Morrison, of realizing at a young age that they are â€Å"neither white nor male† (52). Knowing that all freedom is forbidden to them, each girl decides to become something else; they’re able to use each other to develop. The two grow so intimate that they frequently act in tandem, performing identical tasks withou t need of speech. The author demonstrates the girls’ nonverbal collusion when Nel and Sula dig holes in the earth during a sunny summer day: in concert, the girls strip the bark off twigs and use the twigs to dig two separate holes; still not speaking, they join their two smaller holes to form a single larger hole and, when Nel’s twig snaps, both girls toss in their twigs, add bits of trash, and then fill in the hole they’ve created. When thinking about their relationship, Nel relates that â€Å"talking to Sula had always been a conversation with herself. Was there anyone else before whom she could never be foolish? In whose view inadequacy was mere idiosyncrasy, a character trait rather than a deficiency?† (95). The two girls evidence Rich’s sentiments that â€Å"woman-identification is a source of energy, a potential springhead of female power† (657). In each other, the girls find complete acceptance and an emotional rapport not evidenced in any of the heterosexual relationships in Sula. As a product of this constant intimacy with each other, Morrison reports that Sula and Nel grow content and no longer experience the need to conform to the Bottom’s expectations. For example, Nel’s mother, Helene, urges her daughter to pull her nose with a clothespin in the hopes of giving it a more â€Å"attractive† appearance; Nel performs this duty with zest but without expectation until she meets Sula, at which point she retires the clothespin permanently. As well, though Nel still endures having her hair straightened with a hot comb once a week, the affect no longer appeals to her. Morrison’s detailing of Sula and Nel’s relationship is true to Rich’s description of the benefits of female friendship. Quoting author Audre Lord, Rich writes that female comradeship is â€Å"the empowering joy which ‘makes us less willing to accept powerlessness, or those other supplied states of bein g which are not native to me, such as resignation, despair, self-effacement, depression, self-denial’ (650). Like Rich, Morrison illustrates that close female camaraderie makes it possible for the women to resist conformity.Marriage, both in Sula and in â€Å"Compulsory Heterosexuality,† is viewed as the destructive, yet inevitable, outcome of the patriarchal heterosexual mold. In detailing marriage, Morrison writes that Eva, after being hospitalized following the death of Hannah, recalls Hannah’s dream from the night before of getting married in a red dress. Eva remembers that marriage, in dreams, always means death. Morrison’s views on marriage encouraged by patriarchal heterosexuality are even more clearly expressed through Sula’s eyes:Those with husbands had folded themselves into starched coffins, their sides bulging with other people’s skinned dreams and bony regrets. Those without men were like sour-tipped needles featuring one consta nt empty eye. Those with men had had the sweetness sucked from their breath by ovens and steam kettles. Their children were like distant but exposed wounds whose aches were no less intimate because separate from their flesh. They had looked at the world and back at their children, and Sula knew that one clear young eye was all that kept the knife away from the throat’s curve. (122).From Sula’s statements, it’s apparent that Morrison feels marriage is a negative construct into which women are lured as a way of filling what they are indoctrinated to believe is an unavoidable emptiness. Rich writes in â€Å"Compulsory Sexuality† that women marry as part of the patriarchal heterosexual institution because it’s essential â€Å"in order to survive economically, in order to have children who would not suffer economic deprivation or social ostracism, in order to remain respectable, in order to do what was expected of women because coming out of ‘abn ormal’ childhoods they wanted to feel normal, and because heterosexual romance has been represented as the great female adventure, duty, and fulfillment† (654). Consistent with Rich’s theory, Morrison states that Nel’s parents have succeeded in dulling any spark of individuality from Nel in their determination for her to be viewed as well-bred, desirable wife material. Helene, in particular, is resolute in her yearning for Nel to lead a more â€Å"normal† life: having been born to a whore and raised by her grandmother, Helene is still plagued with the need to prove, to herself and others, how far she’s risen on the social ladder, even if her daughter must serve as the proof. Nel marries Jude because he makes her feel singularly needed; in Morrison’s words, â€Å"[Nel] didn’t even know she had a neck until Jude remarked on it, or that her smile was anything but the spreading of her lips until he saw it as a small miracle† (84). For his part, Jude desires to marry Nel in reaction to being emasculated by the white citizens of Medallion. Morrison conveys that the whites refuse to hire African-Americans for decent jobs despite their superior qualifications, so Jude is forced to rely on very little pay and must turn to his mother for support. To Jude’s way of thinking, marrying Nel allows him to justify his menial work; he can tell himself that he stays at his job out of necessity, to support his family. As for Sula, she encourages Nel’s marriage to Jude simply because â€Å"she thought it was the perfect thing to do following their graduation from general school† (84). When Sula supports Nel’s marriage, however, she doesn’t suspect that Nel will settle down to the conventional patriarchal role of the possessive, sympathetic wife. When Jude complains about how tough life is for a black man, for example, Sula interjects her opinion that black men seem to have a rather eas y life specifically to prevent Nel from uttering the expected â€Å"milkwarm commiseration† (103). In response to Sula’s comments, Jude sizes Sula up as â€Å"a woman roaming the country trying to find some man to burden down with a lot of lip and a lot of mouths† (103). Simply because Sula dares to voice her own beliefs, Jude becomes upset and concludes that Sula’s going to be trouble for men. After Jude leaves Nel, Morrison narrates Sula’s reflection that â€Å"she knew well enough what other women said and felt, or said they felt. But she and Nel had always seen through them. They both knew that those women were not jealous of other women; that they were only afraid of losing their jobs† (119). Instead, by the time Sula returns from ten years away at college, she discovers belatedly that Nel has changed: after Sula sleeps with Jude, Nel is unable to forgive her. Sula eventually comes to the bitter realization that â€Å"now Nel was one o f them. One of the spiders whose only thought was the next rung of the web†¦They were merely victims and knew how to behave in that role (just as Nel knew how to behave as the wronged wife)†¦Now Nel belonged to the town and all of its ways† (120). In the end, Nel is so enveloped in the town’s customs that she chides Sula for her determination to remain independent. Though Morrison narrates that Sula’s glad she lived for herself, Sula also falls for a man prior to her demise. When Sula first meets Ajax, she enjoys his company mainly because he doesn’t talk down to her like other men; a not-so-subtle critique of male condescension. Gradually, Sula feels herself developing a sense of possession over Ajax. When she makes the mistake of revealing too much of her emotions to her lover, he decides to leave. Sula realizes that she did not hold my head stiff enough when I met him and so I lost it just like the dolls (136). Morrison’s description of Sula’s self-scorn over falling for Jude shows the author’s view that females act as mindless â€Å"dolls† when pursuing a conventional heterosexual relationship; it also reveals yet another failed heterosexual connection. Further, Sula discovers that Ajax’s real name is Alan Jacks. Since she hasn’t even known his name, Sula concludes that she never knew the man at all. Their relationship represents Sula’s attempt to fall in with the heterosexual institution: the urge to conform insinuates itself so heavily that Sula constructs her own image of â€Å"Ajax;† repeatedly describing her craving to scrape off his outer layer to reveal the â€Å"gold† she’s sure lies underneath (137).Within the first three chapters of Morrison’s novel Sula, the author sketches a picture of absent boyfriends, husbands and fathers. Eva, Sula’s grandmother, is forced to raise her family alone when her husband BoyBoy abandons her. Re kus, Sula’s father and Hannah’s husband, is granted only a single sentence in the novel, when Morrison explains that he died when Sula was three; the cause of his death isn’t mentioned. Wiley, Nel’s father and Helene’s husband, is alive but rarely home. The male image doesn’t improve as the novel progresses: Jude leaves Nel after having an affair with Sula, and Sula’s boyfriend, Ajax, leaves when he suspects Sula is beginning to feel possessive of him. The consequences of the little-seen or completely absent males are exhibited in various ways. For instance, because they’re left to raise their families alone, Eva, Hannah, and Helene are unable to spend much time playing with their children. The lack of personal attention damages not only the mothers’ relationships with their daughters, but the daughters’ eventual relationships with their own children: since Helene is birthed to a lower-class whore, she feels the n eed to groom her daughter, Nel, into the perfect, docile woman as proof of how far she’s come. Nel is therefore not allowed room for imagination or other personal expression. As Rich urges in â€Å"Compulsory Sexuality,† Morrison closely scrutinizes patriarchal heterosexual relationships in Sula. Both women highlight the benefits of female companionship: when Sula and Nel are together in the beginning of the novel, Morrison relates that each is able to be her own person, express her own passions, and feel completely free, a sentiment echoed in â€Å"Compulsory Sexuality.† Morrison focuses on her belief that heterosexual relationships are an institution inflicted by males to repress females by continually stressing the failure of compulsory patriarchal heterosexual relationships and the harmful outcomes compliance exacts on women. Nel’s seduction into the patriarchal heterosexual relationship mold, for instance, costs Sula and Nel’s friendship to en d in heartbreak and leaves Nel, in particular, feeling that she’s lost a piece of herself. Similar to Rich, Morrison describes patriarchal heterosexual relationships, and the marriage touted as the ultimate goal thereof, as a leech sucking women dry of joy and leaving them empty husks continuing to live for their children’s sake. Solely through an examination of the institution of patriarchal heterosexual relationships can the pattern of male dominance, which has set the mold for all forms of abuse, be broken.